What is sulfur used for in everyday life?

Colloidal sulfur (wettable powder) in plant protection, grayish-yellow powder containing from 70 to 90% fine elemental sulfur, 8-25% moisture and a small amount of surfactants and filler. It is used to combat fungal plant diseases and harmful herbivorous mites. It is used at an air temperature of 21-25° to combat currant bud, pear and plum gall mites, as well as against spider mites, scab and powdery mildew of apple and berry trees. Concentration – 50-100 g per 10 liters of water. During pollination, 1-3 g of sulfur per 1 m2 is consumed. To prepare the suspension, sulfur is stirred in a small amount of water until creamy, and then water is poured in. It is better to soak the sulfur the day before for spraying. It is effective against apple scab and other diseases. Sulfur is flammable, but slightly toxic to humans. Colloidal sulfur sublimes in the sun and forms vapors, which kill various mites and their larvae. In cold weather, it is ineffective to use, since it then does not sublime. Do not use colloidal sulfur on gooseberries, the leaves of which are very sensitive to it and may fall off. Culture Disease Dosage (Consumption rate) Number of treatments
Kila cabbage, black leg 40-45 g/10 l/100 m2 No more than 3
Sugar beet Powdery mildew 50 g/10 l/100 m2 No more than 4
Open ground cucumbers Powdery mildew 20 g/10 l/100 m2 No more than 4
Cucumbers in protected ground 40 g/10 l/100 m2 No more than 5
Melon, watermelon Anthracnose, ascochyta blight, powdery mildew 30-40 g/10 l/100 m2 No more than 3
Flowers 100 g/10 l/100 m2 No more than 5
Currant Powdery mildew 30-40 g/10 l/1-1,5 l per bush No more than 3
Apple, pear, quince Scab, powdery mildew 80 g/10 l/2 l per young tree, 5 l per mature tree No more than 5
Grapes Oidium 80 g/10 l/60 m2 No more than 5
Medicinal crops Powdery mildew 100 g/10 l/100 m2 No more than 2

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Granulated sulfur is of great importance for agriculture, since this chemical element occupies a special place in the natural cycle.

Both industrial and fodder crops require proper care and fertilizing at certain stages of cultivation: during soil preparation, in the pre-planting period, during planting, and during growth, a number of measures must be taken that will have a beneficial effect on the harvest. Both private farmers and large agricultural enterprises are well aware of this. Everyone, of course, approaches this issue in their own way, using different application schemes, different means, incl. complex mineral fertilizer, a popular component of which is sulfur.

The distribution of sulfur in nature is very wide; it is a mega-significant material for many representatives of the flora. This is one of the key parts of plant protein, taking part in its production, and a number amino acids. The same is true with the synthesis of fats and other organic compounds, with metabolic processes (nitrogen, carbohydrate and protein metabolism). Sulfur is invariably involved in photosynthesis and respiration. As a structural component of a part vitamins, has a beneficial effect on the fixation and absorption of microelements and N from the atmosphere by plants. Behind it is the improvement of the taste and aromatic parameters of plantings, in particular onions and garlic, plus the development of resistance of agricultural crops to diseases and pests.

If there is not enough sulfur for plants, if sulfur deficiency occurs, growth inhibition is observed, a worse response to fungal diseases is observed, the stems become thinner and longer, young leaves turn yellow, and the yield decreases. Taking into account the above-mentioned advantages that granular sulfur provides and the disadvantages that appear when it is deficient, the fact that agriculture needs it is beyond doubt.

Let’s look at what this product is, what its properties are, what methods of production there are and why, in fact, it is necessary for agriculture.

Definition and properties of sulfur

Sulfur (sulfur) is a chemical. element of the 3rd period from Mendeleev with atomic number 16. It is characterized by the properties of typical non-metals. It has the ability to connect directly with a large number of metals. This generates a lot of heat. In addition, sulfur reacts with all non-metallic elements, but these reactions are much more complicated than with metals.

Under standard conditions, it has the appearance of fragile yellow crystalline formations (gray and green shades are unacceptable). It does not dissolve in water (sulfur-containing salts are almost insoluble in it), but can be dissolved well in media such as benzene and carbon(IV) sulfide. Density – 2,07 g/cm3. Thermal properties: melting t. – 112,85 °С, boiling point. – 444,67 °C. When evaporated, rhombic sulfur is obtained with octahedron crystals, the corners/edges of which are cut off. As for monoclinic sulfur, its parameters are somewhat different: density – 1,96 g/cm 3, t melt. – 119,3 °C. It is characterized by resistance only at temperatures above 96 °C. If the temperature is lower, transformation into sulfur of the orthorhombic system occurs. The fact that the properties of different crystal variants differ is explained by the difference in the structure of their crystals.

The properties of granulated sulfur are the same as ground sulfur, however there are a number of differences:

– it does not lend itself to caking if stored for a long time;

– during loading operations, it produces less dust, which minimizes the risk of the substance entering the body.

Although granulated sulfur needs special. production technique (more on this a little later), it is considered the best form for agriculture. Among the undeniable advantages of this material:

– comfort, ease and safety of such processes as transportation of various vehicles and storage anywhere;

– minor losses, maximizing the output of final products;

– no need to use special equipment. equipment and equipment during application (you can get by with improvised means);

– improved sanitary and hygienic working conditions and production culture;

– high levels of cleanliness, and therefore non-pollution of the environment.

How is granulated sulfur produced?

Sulfur granulation can be carried out in the following ways:

– water (pelletizing). It is based on the rapid cooling of sulfur drops falling into water. In this case, the large volumes of substance obtained over a limited period are noteworthy. But there is also a technological nuance: low quality parameters of the granules (distorted shape and high fragility).

– in a fluidized bed. Drops of liquid S are supplied upwards. They are cooled by water and air, and also moistened by liquid sulfur, which finely solidifies on the emerging granules. The result is 4-7 mm granules. Another option is to use granulator drums, but this process is complicated.

– air-tower granulation. The sulfur melt is crushed using compressed air masses in the upper compartment of the granulation tower. The drops then fall and become solid on the transport belt.

Since the techniques for granulating sulfur are variable, it is possible to adjust the dimensional characteristics (0,5-7 mm) and shape (ball, capsule, grain. ) of the granules. Today, one of the most preferred shapes is the sphere. It best combines weight, bulk and high strength, minimizing the likelihood of triggering a lever effect that increases destructive forces.

Granulated sulfur: general characteristics of use

One of the most popular areas where this material is used is industrial production. chem. products: sulfuric acid, sulfur dioxide, carbon disulfide and all kinds of sulfates in general. It is actively used to create materials for road construction: sulfur concrete (serves as an alternative to Portland cement) and sulfur asphalt (part of sulfur bitumen). They cannot do without it in the manufacture of insecticides, pigments, dyes, polymers, luminous materials, pulp and paper (production of cellulose sulfite), textile (bleaching) and food (sugar production) products, as well as matches, pyrotechnics and explosives. It is also used in rubber vulcanization technology (it acts as a vulcanizing agent).

But we are now interested in something else, namely the role of granulated sulfur for the agricultural complex. Here, firstly, it is used as an important mineral fertilizer for plants. And, secondly, as a fungicide, an effective drug for combating various plant diseases. What’s what – next.

Importance of granulated sulfur for agriculture

In crop production, a number of activities are carried out with the participation of this substance, in particular:

– disinfection treatment of greenhouses. Looks like fumigation with pure sulfur before planting or when fruits are harvested. Equipment and agricultural structures (fruit and vegetable storage facilities) are treated in the same way.

– extermination of pests. Sulfur as an acaricide helps fight insects, mainly mites.

– fight against diseases, fungi and mold. This substance is an excellent fungicidal drug that prevents the occurrence of powdery mildew and root rot. Such treatment is carried out during the growing season, but no later than the day before harvest, and no more than five times a season. The greatest demand for sulfur exists for diseases of grapes and cotton.

– increasing soil acidity. Excessive soil alkalinity is not suitable for plants that prefer acidic soils. Accordingly, acidity must be increased. How? Using granulated sulfur.

– plant fertilizer. As a fertilizer or its component, this material increases the absorption of other nutritional components and strengthens the root system.

In addition, vineyards, fruit and shrub (except gooseberry) plantings are treated with sulfur, but not only. It is worth considering that the need for this element differs among different plants. Consequently, both the application rates and the time of fertilizing differ. The plants that need it most are peas, soybeans and rapeseed. Wheat, millet and corn also need a lot of sulfur. It is needed in smaller quantities by alfalfa, perennial grasses, potatoes and sugar beets. If rapeseed and wheat should be processed in the autumn, then corn and potatoes should be processed in the spring.

In general, approximately 10-15% of all sulfur produced by industry is spent on agricultural needs.

Sulfur as a plant nutrition element

It is known that crop yields lead to sulfur alienation. Depending on the plant being grown, its biological characteristics, phases of growth and development, the presence of sulfur in the soil, air space and irrigation water, from 15 to 180 kg of this element per hectare is carried out along with the harvest. According to the removal of sulfur compounds, botanical groups can be placed as follows: cruciferous, onion, legumes, beets, cereals, sunflower, potatoes, vegetables. If compensation is not promptly and correctly organized by applying appropriate fertilizers, sulfur reserves in the soil will be depleted and cultivation on it will not bring the desired results.

It should be noted that on some soils the application of sulfur may not be necessary, namely on those where there are large reserves of organic matter. substances. But, nevertheless, various agricultural crops respond well to the use of sulfur-containing fertilizers on many types of soils, because the component in question is also important to them.

Sulfur is a macroelement with the participation of which metabolic processes and redox reactions occur. It is part of proteins, amino acids, in particular methionine, cystine and its derivative cysteine, as well as vitamins (thiamine и biotin). Involved in the formation of a large number of enzymes and oils. Behind it is improved absorption of nitrogen compounds by crops, prevention of the formation of non-protein forms of nitrogen (nitrates, nitrites, etc.) in finished products, and therefore ensuring highly environmental friendliness. Sulfur maximizes the plant’s resistance to low and high temperatures and helps to better tolerate drought. In addition, it develops resistance to radiation. The application of sulfur-containing fertilizers on those soils where sulfur is insufficient further increases the use of phosphorus, calcium and magnesium compounds by crops, maximizes yield, improves quality and increases the return on investment per kilogram of NPK fertilizers.

Note! The versatility of sulfur’s effects explains the fact that it cannot be replaced by any other elements. It is on a par with N, C, O, N and P.

Sulfur deficiency leads to a deterioration in photosynthesis by 40%, to the breakdown of proteins and the accumulation of soluble nitrogen compounds. The deficiency manifests itself in young areas of green mass or growing points. The symptoms are somewhat similar to those that accompany nitrogen deficiency, with the difference that the latter initially becomes visible on the old lower leaves. Unlike nitrogen, sulfur practically does not move from the lower parts to the upper parts, and re-uptake does not occur. If this is not taken into account, if the sulfur deficiency is mistaken for a lack of nitrogen, and because of this, increased amounts of fertilizers with the latter element are used, you will have to forget about a good harvest. In addition, its quality and environmental friendliness will deteriorate and the return on investment will decrease.

Diagnosis of sulfur deficiency

How to determine whether the soil has sulfur available for plants? Today, there are many analytical methods for foliar and soil diagnostics. In some regions, soil analysis for sulfur content shows better results, in others – analytical study of leaves.

How accessible soil sulfur is to plants is determined depending on the rate range of organ mineralization. soil substances. This explains the varying degrees of success of such methods. Crops are most responsive to S on those soils that have a light texture and a small amount of humus. However, responsiveness is observed in many global regions.

Sulfate ions are characterized by relatively high mobility in the soil. They can accumulate under the top layer of soil (at a depth of more than 30 cm). The depth of soil sampling should be appropriate to the crop and the size of its root system. This will allow us to take into account whether mobile forms of sulfur are present below the surface soil layer. If you analyze deeper layers, the assessment of soil sulfur saturation will be more objective.

As for plant diagnostics, it is considered reliable in terms of establishing the S requirement of plants. Which elements to analyze and when to take plant samples depends, in general, on the crop. But usually new leaves can be analyzed during the period when there is the greatest need for plantings to receive sulfur. Please note that when dividing the soil profile to include mobile S-forms, this element from the soil layers that are located deeper becomes accessible to the plantings when the roots reach a given depth.

If, based on the results of any type of diagnostic, a sulfur deficiency is determined, the use of sulfur-containing fertilizers becomes relevant.

Popular sulfur-containing fertilizers

There are many good fertilizers that not only contain sulfur, but also perfectly satisfy the plants’ needs for it. Let’s consider the main ones:

– elemental sulfur (99% S). Insoluble in water, oxidized to an accessible form by microorganisms. The rate of oxidation is influenced by the size of the fertilizer particles, soil conditions and climate. Small particles oxidize faster than large ones. Oxidation occurs more quickly if the microorganisms are in optimal conditions, if the temperature, humidity, pH and aeration of the soil are suitable for them. Low t and humidity values ​​are a precondition that sulfur will not oxidize as quickly as necessary. In the summer, elemental sulfur is best mixed with the soil to increase the surface area of ​​the fertilizer composition that will be in contact with the soil layer.

– a combination of elemental sulfur and bentonite (90% S). It is also possible to add trace elements, such as zinc, iron and manganese, which, thanks to sulfur, become more accessible. When such a composition comes into contact with soil moisture, bentonite increases in size, the particles break into smaller ones, and the contact surface between the substance and the soil is maximized.

– gypsum (16-18% S). It slowly dissolves, sulfate ions gradually enter the soil environment, and then to the plants themselves.

– simple superphosphate (11-12% S). Complex of gypsum and calcium dihydrogen phosphate. Not a very popular composition due to low concentration and economic disadvantages of transportation.

– ammonium sulfate (24% S). Popular composition, source of S and N. Dissolves well in water. Acidifies the soil during nitrification.

– potassium sulfate (17-18% S). Another actively used option with good dissolution in aqueous media. An excellent source of sulfated sulfur for a variety of crops.

– potassium magnesium (20-22% S). It dissolves well in water. In addition to sulfur, it provides plants with potassium and magnesium.

– ammonium sulfonitrate (6-14% S). A product with a variable amount of sulfur obtained during neutralization with gaseous hydrogen nitride H₂SO₄ и nitric acid.

– fertilizers enriched with sulfur. Examples: ammophos и Diammofosca. They contain sulfur available to plants with a long period of exposure. In addition, the solubility of phosphorus and zinc compounds in the soil increases.

– thiosulfates (10-26% S). Transparent solutions that are perfectly combined with other liquid fertilizers. If the soil is well heated, the thiosulfate ion is transformed into sulfate ion in 1-2 weeks.

– magnesium sulfates (14-22% S). Kieserite and epsomite. Sulfur is present in them in sulfate form, available to crops.

– manure and composts (0,3-1% S). How much sulfur they contain depends on the farm animals, what they feed on and in what conditions they are kept. During mineralization, organic sulfur-containing compounds release the sulfate form of sulfur available to plants.

Let’s summarize. Granulated sulfur is an important element for various agricultural crops. Although the quantitative need for it is relatively small (2-6 kg/ha), its importance should not be underestimated. It helps fight pests and diseases, is part of vitamins, takes part in the formation of taste and smell, conditions the soil, etc.

Sulfur absorption by plants occurs mainly through the roots and also through the leaves. In the soil, during mineralization, release occurs. Aerobic conditions lead to oxidation by microorganisms to sulfate ions, and anaerobic conditions lead to reduction to sulfide ions. 60-90% of all sulfur present in the soil is in organic form. Granulated sulfur works throughout the growing season, gradually supplying the plants with the required volumes of the substance.

If you need this reagent, please contact System Optimum. We will tell you the missing information about him and introduce you to the terms of cooperation over the phone.