Why does turquoise turn green? What should I do?

The long-awaited spring has arrived in our latitudes 🙂 What is the most striking sign of spring? For everyone, the answer is different – this is green grass that makes its way through the remaining snow, and the singing of birds that joyfully greet the new season, and the sound of drops from the thawed snow and, of course, the bottomlessly blue sky. It was this heavenly beautiful color that inspired us to write a new article about turquoise – a beautiful and original stone that humanity has used for its jewelry since ancient times. Without a doubt, almost every girl has a favorite piece of turquoise jewelry that inspires and decorates her. For each, this decoration is different and, of course, the most beautiful. We would be very interested to see your jewelry that you like and make you happy! People have been very fond of turquoise since ancient times; you can find many ancient jewelry in which this stone was used. It is not classified as a gemstone, but its very striking color and reputation as a lover’s stone make it very popular among people. Unfortunately, turquoise is very often counterfeited, since using synthetics it is not difficult to achieve similarity. Our clients very often ask us how to distinguish real turquoise from a fake. Based on our experience, we can say that sometimes even the sellers themselves cannot answer this question, since they could be sold an imitation stone as if it were real. Therefore, you should only buy turquoise from reliable suppliers who can provide photos of the raw materials, not the processed stone, and tell you in detail where the stone itself came from. It’s even better to buy turquoise from cutters who, during the cutting process of the stone, will definitely tell whether it is natural or not. In our article, we tried to describe in detail the origin and properties of turquoise, its varieties and useful tips on how to distinguish a fake from a real stone. On our own behalf, we can add that turquoise is a very beautiful and original stone, which has inspired craftsmen of different nations to create jewelry masterpieces for thousands of years and continues to do so even now. Sometimes clients think that turquoise is a “grandmother’s” stone that cannot be used in modern jewelry. In this article, using examples of modern jewelry, we will try to prove the opposite to you. For example, the title image of our theme is a ring from the Swiss jewelry brand De Grisogono, in which turquoise is presented in the form of delicate balloons, elegantly emphasizing the beauty of the jewelry. This is a striking example of the original use of stone in modern jewelry. Modern design and cutting can give turquoise an interesting and modern look. We wish all artists and guests to be inspired by new ideas for creating their works 🙂 The name “turquoise” itself comes either from the Persian “firuza”, which means “stone of happiness”, or from the Persian “piroz”, which in turn means “stone of victory”. According to another version, the name “turquoise” comes from the Assyrian word “biruti”. Although, among other peoples, turquoise was known under other names. For example, the Aztec Indians highly valued turquoise – “calchihuitl”, as they called this gemstone, and believed that these were the petrified tears of the sky goddess (for which turquoise is sometimes called the “Aztec stone”). The ancient Romans called turquoise “callais”. And the French still call turquoise “Turkish stone”. The world-famous name for turquoise is “turquoise” – this French word comes from the Old French “Pierre turquoise”, which translates as “Turkish stone”, but in fact this mineral is in no way connected with Turkey and has never been mined there. This stone first appeared in Europe, and it got there along the Silk Road through Turkey, which is where the name came from. This explains why the “cliché” stone of the East and its Turkish origin were attached to it. Turquoise has been known to mankind for a very long time – at least five thousand years, but each nation has its own attitude towards this stone, sometimes directly opposite to the meaning of the stone among other nations. From the first time people met this wonderful mineral, people were fascinated and immediately believed in its magical properties. Over time, the popularity and value of the mineral do not decrease; it was and remains among the first ornamental stones. Turquoise is opaque and has a silky sheen. This is a sedimentary rock. Turquoise contains mainly phosphate, in other words, a salt of phosphoric acid. Turquoise has a hardness of 5,6 on the Mohs scale, a cloudy green degree of transparency and a density of 2,8 g/cm3. The deposit of the best turquoise in the Nishapur area in Iran was put into production in the third millennium BC, and on the Sinai Peninsula it began to be mined a whole millennium earlier. The structure of turquoise is opaque. The hardness of a given gem may vary, which is influenced by the proximity of the mineral to the earth’s surface. A rock with a soft, porous structure requires treatment with epoxy resin during cutting. The presence of black inclusions gives the stone a special pattern. This type of turquoise is called matrix or uterine. In natural conditions, you can often find “lace turquoise”, which is a type of matrix turquoise, but endowed with more complex, subtle patterns and a pale color. The presence of a beautiful mesh pattern in turquoise in the form of interlacing of thin veins is due to the presence in the structure of the mineral of oxides of iron, manganese, and inclusions of black carbon slate.

• Blue turquoise (young) – bluish, bluish, sometimes slightly greenish, dense, the most valuable
• Green turquoise (old) – greenish-blue, green, friable, less valued
• White turquoise is very light, has a faint tint of color, and is the cheapest

Green turquoise is rated lower than blue. Beads with natural green turquoise will cost from 60 to 120 dollars, bracelets – from 30 to 100 dollars. Good quality blue turquoise beads can fetch between $120 and $300. Solid turquoise beads of the best quality can cost up to $400. Blue turquoise rings range from $30 to $100 depending on the quality and size of the stones.

Turquoise experiences birth, youth, maturity and aging in its evolution, changing its color and shades with “age” from soft blue to bright blue, greenish blue and green. It is believed that the most active, with healing powers, is bright blue turquoise. Green turquoise, which has lost its strength, has weak bioenergy.

Mongolian lamas believed that turquoise is an indicator of the health of its owner and “gets sick” along with him, changing in color: if it suddenly fades or turns green, then this is the first signal of the onset of a disease. This feature is inherent in the very nature of the stone; it does not tolerate heat, high humidity, or vegetable oils. The body of a sick person changes temperature and humidity, which is detected by sensitive turquoise.

In ancient times, turquoise was a very expensive gemstone. It was often used for jewelry, and talismans and sacred animals were also carved from turquoise. In Egypt, images of a scarab, which was a symbol of peace, were cut from turquoise. The Indians carved animal figures from turquoise and inlaid ritual masks with turquoise. In the East, turquoise was highly valued and talismans and amulets were made from it and animal figures were also carved.

The Egyptians were the first to learn how to counterfeit turquoise, but over many centuries people have come up with many ways to check the authenticity of turquoise. Lapis lazuli, porcelain, glass, plaster or howlite can be used for the base of the fake. Outwardly, it is difficult to distinguish a fake from the original, but the properties of the stone are lost, which means its cost will be much less. Here are a few ways to tell if a stone is genuine:

• Defects. A natural gemstone cannot be perfect; it has defects. If there are no chips or cracks, and the color is perfectly even, then most likely you are looking at a fake.
• Size. Turquoise in nature is created in small formations. The largest stone in history was a sample weighing 50 grams. If you have a large, weighty stone in your hands, it is, of course, a fake.
• Heating. This method cannot be tested directly in a jewelry store, but it is also worth considering. When heated, the fake stone will begin to smell unpleasant and melt.
• Price. Artificial turquoise cannot cost more than $30, this is the world famous “ceiling”. Naturally, natural stones will cost much more, for example, beads made from real turquoise will cost you about $120.

Jewelry and amulets made of turquoise were discovered in Central America, Egypt, and Central Asia during archaeological excavations in the territory of ancient burials and settlements.

Turquoise was very often used in jewelry from the Middle and New Kingdoms even before our era. Moreover, the stones were so well preserved that they were mistaken for artificial.
And today, turquoise is one of the favorite stones in the jewelry world.

Astrologers recommend bluish-white turquoise for those with a Sagittarius horoscope. Green turquoise patronizes such signs as Scorpio and Taurus. White Turquoise can give happiness to those born under the signs of Virgo, Aries and Pisces.
People of other zodiac signs are recommended to wear turquoise in blue tones, but for those born under the sign of Leo, wearing turquoise is completely contraindicated. Blue turquoise feeds a person with its energy. If it suddenly changes color (turns pale, green), it signals a serious illness in the person wearing it.
Green turquoise was recommended to be worn by psychologically mature people.

Turquoise is truly a unique stone because it lives: it is born, matures and dies. Soft blue, almost whitish turquoise is called young, blue – mature, and green – old, or dead. Depending on age, turquoise changes not only its color, but also its energy.

White turquoise is very dangerous. Happiness comes only to those who take risks with a clear goal in mind. The rest of us should not wear it.

Pale blue, young turquoise is a talisman that helps in love affairs. It is good to wear for girls and young women. In the Middle Ages, girls discreetly sewed turquoise into the hem of the caftans or cloaks of their chosen ones in order to bewitch them. And in the countries of the East, lovers exchanged rings with soft blue turquoise as a sign of fidelity. To this day, in many countries it is customary to seal the betrothal of the bride and groom with the same rings. “And the turquoise of lovers fades when love leaves,” wrote the Persian thinker Saadi. It is still believed that if the turquoise given to a loved one begins to fade, then his feeling also fades.

Mature turquoise bestows health and well-being, helps to acquire wealth, peace of mind, authority and power. This is the stone of brave people; it is often used to decorate the handles of knives and swords. Blue turquoise gives the ability to lead people. Mature turquoise tends to die in the face of danger – at such moments it turns green.

Green turquoise contains the powers of Saturn. It is a symbol of wisdom, a stone of self-confident people who have already achieved their goal in life. Basically, it is best to wear it for those who have reached the age of 64. For the rest, dead turquoise is categorically contraindicated, since it does not provide the opportunity to achieve anything in life.

Turquoise brings happiness in love, establishes peace in the family, stops quarrels between spouses, attracts friends and arouses sympathy for its owner. It brings prosperity and prosperity (attracts money to the owner), strengthens intuition, makes a person ambitious, brave, prudent, insightful, and protects its owner.

Turquoise draws men’s attention to feminine virtues. It was given as a sign of sensual attraction, it was a symbol of true love and, according to beliefs, had the ability to console hearts broken by unhappy love.
Products made from turquoise were worn as an amulet that brought victory, good luck, protected from all troubles, from the “evil eye” and made its owner invulnerable.

Indian yogis attribute strong positive energy to turquoise, which has a beneficial effect on people, reducing their anger, irritability, evil thoughts, giving confidence and positive emotions. It helps its owner to concentrate, understand the meaning of life, determine what goals he should achieve, and keeps a person from vanity and fruitless actions.

Turquoise is an indispensable stone for those who want to understand the meaning of life, find their path, and identify life priorities and goals.

Travelers should take turquoise with them on the road – it will ward off danger and make the journey easy and enjoyable. Since ancient times, hunters and shooters have attached turquoise to a gun or bow to help them hit the target.

Turquoise can attract prosperity and happiness to its owner. Persian sages noted the ability of the gem to improve mood, therefore, after admiring the beauty of the stone in the morning, you can count on favorable developments during the day and on your own long-term positive attitude. The gem is able to neutralize stress, fears, negativity, manifestations of pessimism, and fatigue.

Turquoise, as a “living” mineral, has strong energy, especially stones with a blue color. Such a talisman directs all its power to the benefit of the wearer, giving itself completely in order to raise the energy of its owner to the highest level. In fact, you can believe or not believe in the properties of stones that are attributed to them, but it seems to me that there is some truth in this information. After all, all creatures of living nature are not alike and carry different information and, dare I say it, energy.

For us, turquoise is a stone that is not suitable for everyone; it is very refined, with its own “feminine” character. It can hardly be classified as an active, “masculine” stone. Recently, when we were making jewelry with turquoise, we thought for a long time about how to translate these thoughts into stone, and now we got a cameo with a female profile, decorated with flowers, fanned by a fresh wind. It seems to me that this is the image that turquoise evokes in people’s imaginations – a gentle and sophisticated beauty.

These are the interesting facts we have collected for you in our article. We hope you liked it and found it useful. We will be grateful for your comments and opinions about this stone. It will also be interesting to see what kind of jewelry someone has with this stone and why you fell in love with it.

And finally, let’s admire the turquoise jewelry 🙂

Rings:

Pendants:

Earrings:

We hope you liked our article and found something interesting in it 🙂

Compound of hydrous phosphates and aluminum. The chemical composition is not constant. Microcrystalline masses are kidney-shaped or in the form of crusts, veins and irregularly shaped clusters. Permanent impurities are sulfur, zinc, barium, chromium, nickel, titanium, etc. The blue turquoise color is characteristic of turquoise unaffected by weathering and depends on the copper content. During the aging process and when replaced by secondary minerals, the role of iron oxide, silica, calcium, magnesium, zinc, strontium increases, as a result of which turquoise turns green. Greenish, brownish and other tones are caused by iron oxide replacing copper. Impurities of halloysite, kaolinite and wavellite give whitish spots. Turquoise often contains inclusions of quartz, pyrite and other minerals and often has white inclusions. Turquoise is easy to process.

Turquoise is a very hydroscopic material. Products made from it must be protected from sudden temperature changes, heating, from exposure to acids, abrasives and fumes; they cannot be cleaned in soapy solutions. Blue turquoise is considered the most valuable. Turquoise minerals intersected by brown and black veins, as well as yellow-green turquoise, are of lower jewelry quality and are therefore sold cheaper than natural sky blue. The deposits in Iran and Arizona are recognized as the best in the world. In other deposits, weathered turquoise is paler and less dense; with depth, noticeably more dense and brightly colored differences of blue and greenish shades are noted (the more iron oxides, the greener the turquoise). Varieties of turquoise with thin veins of black carbon material or iron oxides in a blue tone are called gossamer or reticulate and sell for more.

Turquoise is one of the most beautiful jewelry stones known to mankind since ancient times. Turquoise jewelry and talismans are found during excavations of ancient cultures in Central America, Egypt, and Central Asia. In ancient times, turquoise was not set in gold, as it was believed that it would lose its beauty.

It is extremely rare in the form of crystals (the size of individual turquoise crystals was 0,3 mm or less). Turquoise is opaque and shines through in thin chips. Its color in samples whose composition is close to the theoretical one is bright, sky blue. But quite often the color of turquoise is bluish and apple green, sometimes even greenish-brown. Turquoise can become discolored in the sun. The luster of turquoise is glass or wax. Turquoise deposits are associated with weathering crusts of rocks containing copper sulfide mineralization.

Turquoise deposits are known in Central Asia in the Kuramin and Kyzylkum turquoise-bearing regions. Central Asian turquoise occurs in the form of veins, nodules, lenses, phenocrysts, and irregular secretions. Its color is extremely varied: bluish and sky blue with all transitions to green, brownish-green and brown. Manifestations of turquoise were discovered in Azerbaijan and Georgia. The highest quality turquoise has been mined since ancient times in Iran, northwest of the city of Nishapur. Turquoise is extracted by hand. The largest deposits are located in the USA in the states of Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, and New Mexico. There are known deposits of turquoise in Chile, Peru, Mexico, China, and Australia.

Naturally colored turquoise is always more expensive than its artificially colored or artificial (even blue) counterparts; reserves of natural turquoise for jewelry are gradually being depleted, so it will only become more expensive over time. Green turquoise costs 3 times less than blue. 60% of turquoise enters the world market in refined form; in particular, approximately 80% of American Arizona turquoise is refined. Turquoise is not found anywhere in the form of large pieces or solid masses. Large pieces often indicate imitation.

Magical properties of stones.

There is a prejudice that green turquoise is supposedly “old and bad,” and blue is younger and better. It is not true. Blue, turquoise and green turquoise are exactly the same age. Deep green turquoise is also expensive, but unlike blue, its color is more durable. The color of turquoise is determined by the presence of impurities. Turquoise can indeed turn slightly green over time or from strong heating due to the oxidation of the iron in it, but it will still cost more than a synthetically colored sample. In all centuries, turquoise has been and continues to be considered a talisman stone, bringing to its owner the knowledge of truth, truth, the ability to learn higher sciences, especially to comprehend the spiritual world and improve oneself in this world. Contemplation of turquoise helps to understand spiritual books. This stone is a great reconciliator and eradicator of evil. As an amulet, blue turquoise is incomparable for children of any age, it drives away evil entities from them. Turquoise was often inserted into the hilts of swords, because this stone is capable of protecting warriors and making their weapons irresistible. Those who stood up to fight evil always had turquoise both as a protector and as a guardian. It also warns the owner against various kinds of sectarians, members of black orders, etc. If the owner is in particular danger, the stone may suddenly change color or completely crumble. It is believed that turquoise saves from untimely, stupid death. It protects the owner from poverty and promotes a positive solution to all issues if he turns to the authorities for this. The stone makes people more benevolent and is especially useful for those who are overtaken by outbursts of anger. It protects horses and riders, which is why it was a decoration of the harness.

Since ancient times it has been famous as a stone of happiness. Grants peace and prosperity to all people, except for villains (to whom it brings misfortune and prevents evil from happening), and averts danger. Turquoise also acts as a symbol of the transcendental world, a symbol of the spiritual sky, which can only be reached by those who go through death. Turquoise is a stone of good luck and peace, tames quarrels and enmity between people, pacifies unjustified anger and evil thoughts, a symbol of unchanging and faithful love.

From the point of view of magic, young and young turquoise, azure as the sky, “feeds” a person with its energy and is a stone of carefree and carefree Venus and is suitable for the young and young. Green turquoise is a mature stone that contains the power and wisdom of Saturn, so it can be worn by the strong and wise. Green turquoise looks more appropriate on psychologically mature people, and blue – on children and teenagers. Anyone who owns turquoise of any color never lacks money, and his words are met with attention by those around him. [14]

The Persians believed that the bones of people who died of love turned into turquoise. Therefore, turquoise was given as a sign of sensual attraction; it was a symbol of true love and, according to beliefs, had the ability to console hearts broken by unhappy love. Among the peoples of Asia and the Caucasus, turquoise was an element of the bride’s wedding dress. In the Middle Ages, women who wanted to attract a man sewed a piece of turquoise into his clothes. Merchants of the East believed that a hand decorated with a turquoise ring would never become scarce.

The Aztecs called turquoise “calchihuitl” and considered it the petrified tears of the sky goddess. It is no coincidence that turquoise was often called the “Aztec stone.” At the same time, among the Mexican Indians, turquoise was the “stone of war.”

The color of the mineral may fade after prolonged wear, as turquoise deteriorates under the influence of soap, alcohol, perfume and fats. Perhaps this is why the belief was born that the color of turquoise fades when love passes.

Back in the middle of the 16th century. Agriola wrote that it is extremely easy to counterfeit turquoise. Today, fake turquoise is produced by pressing blue-dyed aluminum phosphate.

The resulting fakes have almost the same appearance, hardness and density as real turquoise, but unlike natural stone, they melt in the flame of a soldering torch. The so-called “Viennese” turquoise is obtained by jointly crushing, heating and pressing a mixture of malachite, aluminum hydroxide and phosphoric acid.

HEALING PROPERTIES

It was believed that a piece of turquoise protected riders from fatal falls. Turquoise jewelry accompanies success in financial matters and attracts money. Turquoise is a stone of fearless people, always ready to fight back against an offender. It is no coincidence that in the old days the handles of knives and swords were often decorated with turquoise. [56]

The name of the mineral comes from the Persian words firuza – “stone of happiness” or piroza – “victory”. The English name – turquoise – comes from the French phrase pierre turquoise – “Turkish stone”. The Aztecs considered turquoise to be the petrified tears of the sky goddess. Turquoise symbolized health, prosperity and was a symbol of love. At the same time, skulls were inlaid with pieces of turquoise; Such exhibits can be seen at the Museum of the American Indian in New York. For some Indian tribes, pieces of turquoise also served as money. Sky blue turquoise is considered “young” and its color is caused by copper ions. Turquoise was called the “heavenly stone” for its bright blue color. Greenish turquoise is considered “old”. In fact, the greenish honey fungus is given to the stone by iron compounds. Sometimes they color the mineral yellowish-green or even apple-green.

Magic cbocmba

In Persia, turquoise was a symbol of good luck and victory. Merchants of the East believed that a hand decorated with a turquoise ring would never become scarce. In the Middle Ages, turquoise was a powerful amulet that could protect the owner from poisons and poisoning. It was believed that turquoise helped a hunter or shooter to hit the target, so bows and guns were inlaid with pieces of turquoise. Turquoise promotes peace in the family, which is why wedding rings were cut from turquoise in Russia and Germany. In modern mythology, turquoise is considered the stone of brave people who are able to lead the fight against evil. Turquoise jewelry is recommended to be worn by brave people who are not afraid of risks and who strive for victory. Jewelry with turquoise creates fearlessness, fortitude and assertiveness.

Medicinal problems

Sky blue turquoise is considered the most active. If turquoise jewelry has faded, this may be an indication of the onset of an illness (remember that in modern conditions the color of the stone can deteriorate under the influence of soap, alcohol, perfume and fats). It is believed that the color of turquoise can be restored if it is worn by an absolutely healthy person with a strong aura. Turquoise strengthens vision, relieves insomnia and nightmares, and relieves headaches. Turquoise has a positive effect on the vocal cords and thyroid gland. [58]

A real stone of happiness and financial prosperity! Bright turquoise relieves fatigue and brings peace to the home. A person who wears turquoise is less conflicted and open to the world. Turquoise helps treat diseases of the liver and stomach, and helps people who worry a lot quickly calm down – just hold a beautiful stone in your hands for a little while and admire its edges. Turquoise is considered a symbol of morality, fidelity, and helps improve personal life. []

Ļoti sader	Akvamarīns[17], Avanturīns[17], Dimants[17], Heliotropes[17], Chrizopraz[17], Koraļi[17], Mēnessakmens[17], Opāls[17], Rubins[17], Smaragds[17]
sader	Copper[5], Almandīns[17], Ametists[17], Kalnu kristāls[17], Larimārs[5], Lazurīts[17], Šamaņa akmens[5], Satukits[5], Serdoliks[17]
Neutrals	Berils[17]
Galīgi nesader	Malahīts [17]

Color	Light blue[30][37], Zaļgani zila[37]Zila[4][33][30], Dzelteni zaļa[33], Gaiši zaļa[30], Zilgani zaļa[37], Zili zaļa[33][5][30], Zaļa[4][30][37], Zaļi pelēka[30]
Spī dums	Nespodrs[30][37], Stiklains[30], Sveķains[30], Vaska[30][37], Zemains[30], Zīda[33][58]
Caur spīdī gums	Transparent[30][37], Necaurspīdīgs[30][37], Puscaurspīdīgs[30]
Hardness	5 – 6[4][30][37][58]
Chakra	5. kakla (Throat) Višudhu[3][4][5][58], 6. trešās acs (Third Eye) Adžnu[3][4]
Vibrā cija	1[3][4]
Stihija	Gaiss[3], Uguns[3], Zeme[3]
Zodi aks	Zivis (Pisces)[3][4][5], Udensvīrs (Aquarius)[5], Mežāzis (Capricorn)[5]Strēlnieks (Sagittarius)[3][4][5][58], Skorpions (Scorpio)[3][4], Versis (Taurus)[58]
Energy	Aizsardzibas[5], Dziedināšanas[5], Laimes[5], Mīlestibas[5], Uzņēmīgā Iņ (uzņem enerģiju)[58]
Kaites	Zobu sāpes[9], Vairogdziedzeris[58], Veselība un dziedēšana[4], Paaugstināta svīšana[9], Sadzīšana[4], Sapes[4], Redze[58],Reimatisms[4][9], Plaušas[33][4], Podagra[9], Psoriasis[9], Pūtītes[9], Matu izkrišana[9], Migrana[4], Mugurkaula disku saslimšanas[9], Murgi[4], Muskuļu sāpīgums[4], Sāļu uzkrāšanās locitavās[9], Katarakts[4], Imūnsistēma[33], infection[4], Isiass[9], Galvassāpes[58][4], Ekzema[9], Elpošanas problem[4], Drudzis[9], Balss sites[58], Bezmiegs[9][58], Palielina barības uzņemšanu[4], Acis[4], Aknu slimības[9], Alergijas[9], Arthrosis[9], Asinsapgādes traucējumi[9], Mazasinība[9], Pazemināts asinsspiediens[9], Vistas Aklums[9]
Emo cio nālā ietekme	Miers[4], Murgi[4], Laipnība[4], Draudziba[4]
Ga rīgā ietekme	Prāta skaidrība[4], Skaidriba[4], Gudriba[4], Dziedināšana[4]
Gada- dienas akmens	11[5]
Dzimšanas akmens	December[5], Julijs[5], Junijs[5]
Mine rālu class	Fosfāti[4]
Ķīmiskā formula	cual6(PO4)4(OH)8*4(H2O) – hidratētais vara alumīnija fosfāts[58][37][30], CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8*5(H2O) – hidratētais vara alumīnija fosfāts[4]
Blīvums (g/cm 3 )	2,6[58], 2,7[30]
Atradnes	ASV[33][37][56][58], Australia[33][56][58], Čīle[33][56][58], Ēģipte[56], Etiopija[56][58], Irana[56][58], Israel[33], Kaukazs[33][56][58], Kazakhstan[33][56][58], Kenya[37], Ķīna[4][33][37][56][58], Krievija[4], Meksika[4][37], Peru[4], Tajikistan[56][58], Uzbekistan[33][56][58]